Indonesia, already one of the world’s biggest carbon polluters because of deforestation, has back-pedalled on a pledge to cap coal production. 
The government initially planned to reduce its coal production to 413 million tonnes this year, from 419 million tonnes in 2016. The figure was expected to fall to 406 million tonnes next year, before hovering at only 400 million from 2019.
However, this year’s coal production has already reached 477 million tonnes, outstripping last year’s figure of 434 million tonnes.

COP 21 commitment
The fifth biggest emitter of greenhouse gas blames uncontrollable mining activities for the failure to limit coal production, which seriously jeopardises its commitments to the landmark COP 21 Paris climate deal. Indonesia had said it was prepared to cut emissions by cut greenhouse gas emissions by 29 per cent by 2030 if it received financial support from industrialised countries. But COP 21 financing has been hit by the withdrawal of the US from the climate deal, which is designed to prevent a disastrous rise in global warming of more than 2C. 
Coal makes up the bulk of the government’s 35-GW power generation expansion programme, announced in late 2014.
It currently makes up around 57 per cent of the energy mix in Indonesia, the world’s top thermal coal exporter. Indonesia is committed to a target of 23 per cent renewable-sourced energy – mainly gas and geothermal – by 2025 from about 12 per cent at present.
But with coal production still rising, meeting that target looks unlikely.
“We previously expected to produce only 406 million tonnes of coal in 2018,” Bambang Gatot Ariyono, Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry’s coal director general, told reporters on Wednesday.
“But looking at the current conditions, it might be impossible for us to prevent all holders of coal mining permits, particularly ones that have conducted feasibility studies or have started construction process [at the mining sites], from entering the production stage.”
In fact, Bambang said the government would have to increase the country’s coal production to boost its non-tax state revenues.
As of Wednesday, the state revenues from the mineral and coal sector reached 39 trillion rupiah ($2.73 billion), already surpassing the full-year target of Rp32.7 trillion.
Indonesia had coal resources amounting to 128.06 billion tonnes and coal reserves of 28.46 billion tonnes by the end of 2016, located mostly in Kalimantan and Sumatra. 
Indonesia is at the core of a boom in coal-fired power in Southeast Asia, which is being bankrolled by foreign governments and banks, the Guardian reports.
Activist group Market Forces examined 22 deals involving 13.1 gigawatts of coal-fired power in Indonesia and found that 91 per cent of the projects had the backing of foreign governments through export credit agencies or development banks.
The majority of the money was coming from Japan and China, with the Japan Bank for International Cooperation involved in five deals and the Export-Import Bank of China involved in seven deals. All the deals closed between January 2010 and March 2017.